Introduction
Air purification usually refers to the technology or method used to reduce particulate matter, microorganisms and gaseous pollutants in indoor air. The purpose is to reduce the content of pollutants in the air, improve air quality, and promote human health. Air purification in medical institutions focuses on microorganisms in the air, with the aim of blocking possible nosocomial infections caused by airborne transmission. Commonly used air purification methods include natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation, etc.
Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation is ventilation that uses the heat pressure caused by the density difference between the air inside and outside the hospital building or the wind pressure caused by wind to promote air flow. The World Health Organization issued the “Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Healthcare Institutions” guideline in 2009, which elaborates on the relationship between natural ventilation and hospital infection control, and introduces the layout of hospital diagnosis and treatment spaces and the architectural design of adjacent areas to provide effective natural ventilation for infection control. ventilation. Natural ventilation requires special engineering design and corresponding facility configuration. Openings include windows, doors, solar chimneys, wind towers, trickle ventilation equipment, rather than simple windows and door openings for ventilation; natural ventilation is usually affected by climate conditions, architectural design and the influence of human factors.
(1) Advantages of natural ventilation:
①Because it utilizes natural forces and large air outlets, natural ventilation can generally achieve high ventilation rates more economically.
②Natural ventilation saves more energy, especially when heating is not needed.
③A well-designed natural ventilation system can obtain the best lighting. From a technical point of view, natural ventilation can be divided into simple natural ventilation systems and high-tech natural ventilation systems; the latter is controlled by a computer and can be used in conjunction with mechanical ventilation systems.
④If the design is reasonable, natural ventilation can be completely relied on. Especially when combined with a mechanical ventilation system, that is, using a hybrid ventilation method, although some modern natural ventilation systems may be more expensive to design and build than mechanical ventilation systems, they are reliable. Generally speaking, the advantage of natural ventilation is that it can provide low-cost, high-efficiency air exchange rates in a simple system. Although its air exchange effect is restricted by many factors, a modern natural ventilation system with good building configuration design and good operation can achieve very high air exchange rates by using natural forces.
(2) Disadvantages of natural ventilation:
①Natural ventilation is variable and depends on the outdoor climate conditions relative to the indoor environment. The wind speeds (wind and temperature differences) generated by the two driving forces vary widely. Natural ventilation is relatively difficult to control, and the airflow may be high in some areas and non-existent in other areas. Under certain unfavorable climatic conditions, lower air exchange rates may result.
②Due to the lack of continuous good negative pressure conditions, the wind direction of natural ventilation will be difficult to control, and sometimes there is a risk of mutual contamination between the corridor and adjacent rooms.
③Natural ventilation cannot use dust filters; due to climate reasons, safety considerations, cultural background, etc., people are not used to opening doors and windows and closing them. In such an environment, the ventilation rate will be very low.
④Natural ventilation only takes effect when natural force is available; when high ventilation volume is required, the requirements for wind power are higher.
⑤Natural ventilation systems often stop working, and normal operation is terminated due to a variety of reasons, including doors and windows not opening, equipment damage, public facilities failure, poor design, improper maintenance, neglect of management, etc.
⑥Although the maintenance cost of a simple natural ventilation system is very low, if it is not properly installed and lacks maintenance funds, its ventilation effect will be greatly reduced, resulting in an increased risk of airborne pathogens. These problems can be overcome through good design or the use of hybrid ventilation. Other possible deficiencies such as noise, air pollution, flying insects, security, etc. also need to be considered. Due to these problems, natural ventilation systems not only cannot be used as effective facilities for infection control, but can also cause the spread of infectious diseases through these facilities.
Mechanical ventilation
Mechanical ventilation is ventilation by installing ventilation equipment and using the power generated by the operation of fans, fans, etc. to flow air. Mechanical ventilation systems include ventilation equipment, ventilation ducts, exhaust hoods (or air supply vents), and purification equipment. WHO “Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Healthcare Facilities (2009)” compares the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical ventilation and natural ventilation.
(1) Advantages of mechanical ventilation:
①The mechanical ventilation system can stably maintain the design wind speed without considering the influence of changes in external temperature and wind force; mechanical ventilation can be easily integrated with the air conditioning system, and the indoor temperature can also be controlled.
②The mechanical ventilation system can be equipped with an air filtration system to eliminate dangerous microorganisms, particles, odors, and other abnormal gases.
③Mechanical ventilation system can control the air flow path. For example, controlling airflow keeps the air in areas with patients with airborne infections away from susceptible people.
④Mechanical ventilation can work anywhere where there is electricity.
(2) Inadequacy of mechanical ventilation:
①Mechanical ventilation systems often do not work as expected and may interrupt normal operations for a variety of reasons, including equipment failure, interruption of public services, poor design, poor maintenance, or mismanagement. If the service equipment is important and must ensure its normal operation and continuous operation, all equipment must be backed up.
②The installation, operation and maintenance costs of mechanical ventilation systems will be very high. If a mechanical ventilation system is improperly installed and lacks operation and maintenance, its effectiveness will be greatly reduced. Due to problems such as these, mechanical ventilation systems not only cannot be used as an important tool for hospital infection control, but will instead become a vector for the spread of infectious diseases.
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